How Genes Change Overtime And The Structure And Function...

Molecular genetics is the study how genes change overtime and the structure and function of genes at the molecular level. Evolutionary biologists had to make inferences based off of phenotypic observations before molecular genetics was established. We can use molecular genetics to prove evolution by how our genes and traits do change overtime due to diseases inherited from our parents, the environment we live in, both the actual living environment and the nutritional standpoint, and the lifestyle habits can affect our genes, which alter the future of evolutionary change. Darwin’s definition of theory is stated as the change in the genetic structure of population, frequently used to refer to the appearance of new species. Changes allow the organisms to better adapt to the environment, which in turn will help them survive and produce more offspring. Understanding DNA can take a lot of studying and confusion to even get the general idea of the concept. The structure of DNA is ver y complicated and complex to understand, but researchers James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin all developed the idea of the DNA structure in 1953. Deoxyribonucleic Acid is found in the nucleus of the cell. It is a double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code and is the main component of chromosomes. DNA is the blueprint of organisms. Nucleotides are the basic unit of DNA and they are made up of sugar, phosphate, and one of the four basis including adenine,Show MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Organisms Is Very Complicated And Long908 Words   |  4 Pagesspecies are extracted and forced into the genes of an unrelated organism ( It started in 1935 by a russian scientist, his name was Andrei Nikolaevitch Belozersky). But what Nikolaevitch did was he isolated pure deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Then in 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA, this lead to many more discoveries because now we know the main structure for DNA, this also lead to scientist to identify and splice genes. â€Å"In DNA splicing, one organism’s DNARead MoreA Research On Schizophrenia And Anorexia Nervosa1269 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribes everything that happens in the gene expression process that is above the genome. The epigenetic process is typically due to histone modification, CpG island methylation, RNA associated silencing, and some other factors. The process is triggered via cell-to-cell signaling, neighborhood cells sending signals, physiology, and environment. The epigenetic change can be transient, permanent, or heritable. In my chosen paper, the researchers are looking into how the social environment can ‘get intoRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Progressive Mental Deterioration1109 Words   |  5 Pages Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive mental deterioration that can happen in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. Alzheimer’s disease is one form of dementia that gets harmful over time. Dementia is a loss of brain function that occurs with other diseases such as Alzheimer’s. Scientists believe that Alzheimer’s disease results from genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors that impact the brain. Alzheimer’s disease damages and kills brain cells and it also leadsRead MoreModern Techniques Like Cloning And Restriction Enzymes1065 Words   |  5 Pagesbe reintroduced in Yellowstone changing the biodiversity. The biological traits change as human’s interfere with wildlife, it has affected the population and the reproduction of species (Mary A. Orland, 2014). Modern techniques like cloning and restriction enzymes allow genetic material to be transferred from one organism to another to exchange genetic material. This then puts a permanent change in an organism’s gene making it an artificial species like the Belgian Blue, Featherless chickens andRead MoreThe Process Of Evolution And Evolution1679 Words   |  7 Pageshave developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth,† Google. Google. Google, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2015. Evolution is the reason there is change in the genetic makeup of a population, the reason organisms are linked by common ancestors, and evolution is still happening today because of the constant change in environment. This paper focuses on these subjects within evolution and will explore all areas of the process of evolution th at creates diversity and unity in lifeRead MoreThe Dna And Its Structure2011 Words   |  9 Pages Genes hold biological information that must be copied accurately for transmission to the next generation. Before the DNA double helix was discovered two biological question were unanswered: how can information for specifying an organism be carried in chemical form? and how is it accurately copied? It was not until the 20th century when the DNA molecule was discovered and suggested answers to both these questions. (Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al, 2002) With the help of many scientists weRead MoreWhy The Hpv E6 Oncoprotein With The Help Of Bioinformatics Tools Like Rasmol1160 Words   |  5 Pagesdepending how they behave overtime. ‘High-risk’ mucosal HPVs are the causative agents of cervical cancers, with HPV16 and HPV18 being the most common oncogenic types associated with 50% and 20% of the carcinomas respectively (Bosch et al., 1995). There are two viral prot ein that causes the degradation of the tumor suppressor genes; E6 and E7. These two protein work together to cause the tumor by destroying the host machinery. E6 oncoprotein has the capacity to block apoptosis, changes the function of severalRead MoreAnalysis Of Dan Buettner s Ted Talk1402 Words   |  6 PagesBuettner’s Ted Talk, Buettner talks about how would have to change their lifestyle or have the best genetics possible to living to be a hundred years old. Buettner states that only one in five-thousand get to live to be one hundred. The chances are near impossible unless you have the best genes passed down to you. You could however increase some years to your life in which Buettner talks about. From looking at some particular cultures, we’ve learned how they live long lives in which we could tryRead MoreFunction, Structure, Synthesis And The Use Of The Protein Elastin ( Eln )2815 Words   |  12 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the function, structure, synthesis and the use of the protein elastin (ELN), which encodes for one of the two elements of elastic fibers in the human body (NCBI 1). Addressing the fundamental aspects of the protein will allow us to explore the potential applications and implications of the protein if it has been modified. Introduction and Function Elastin is the one of the key components in the elastic property of tissues found in human tissues such asRead MoreDispositional, Evolutionary And Evolutionary Theory1283 Words   |  6 Pages Dispositional, and Evolutionary Theory Nicholas DeRico PSY/405 August 24, 2015 Dispositional, Biological and Evolutionary Theory Abstract There are many theories that attempt to clarify the structures that influence personality, for example dispositional, and Evolutionary theory. This paper will discuss the differences that are among dispositional and evolutionary personality theories, as well as, strengths and limitations of dispositional and evolutionary and biological personality

The Museum Of Modern Art - 2070 Words

Before the 19th century, artists mainly made artwork for the wealthy people and the religious groups. They were controlled by the academy and painted in a way that mainstream society recognized. Many of their paintings depicted scenes of mythology and church. However in the 19th century, industrialization brought many new technologies to ordinary people, making the impossible possible. Many artists began to create artworks to explore the concept of symbolism. Many of their subjects were daily things such as ordinary people, normal places and the things they had direct experience on. They challenged the traditional concept that artists must depict realistic worlds. Instead, they used a wide range of colors, materials and techniques to†¦show more content†¦Van Gogh depicted clouds and stars in whirly shape in order to direct the viewer ´s eye around the painting. When standing in front the painting, one would spontaneously be attracted by those swirls and would follow one sw irl to another. These elements make the painting seems to be fluid and abstract. The yellow crescent moon at the upper right corner is blight and mild. It softens the painting to convey a sense of serenity. Compared to other Impressionist paintings, Starry Night is somehow different: van Gogh used very expressive color and distorted form to give the viewers a very bright picture. Van Gogh wrote a letter to his brother to point out that compared to other Impressionist artists of that time, he utilized â€Å"exaggeration in terms of composition.† He uses techniques such as surrealism to draw those swirls. In Starry Night the landscape seems to be a way to convey the artist’s emotion. I believe that the fight van Gogh had against his mental illness is reflected in the painting. When looking at the upper sky in the painting, there is a strong contrast between the sky and the stars, similar to what van Gogh experienced that time: his illness and his hope to recover. Van Gog h painted the village in dark color but on the contrary, he used bright color to draw the windows. I think this contrast gave people the idea that finally human should have hope and try their best to overcome the

Organization Behavior - Structure and Processes

Question: Discuss about the Report for Organization of Behavior, Structure and Processes. Answer: Introduction The term organization is used to refer to a collection of persons working together to accomplish a given mutual goal (Harper, 2015). Since the people working in the organization come from different regions, cultures, background and religions, diversity occurs in the organizations. This means that there has to be an agreed procedures to be adhered to both as a group of workers as well as an individual worker of the organization (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Organizational structure is what outlines the way in which the organizational responsibilities are coordinated, grouped and shared among all members of each and every organization. Another important term in the paper is the organizational behavior which is the study of the traits portrayed by a group and individuals in an organization. There is a wide diversity in the organizational behavior brought by both the different structure of the organization and a collection of people of diverse cultures in an organization. The final term is the organizational processes which implies the methods through which activities in an organization are carried out (Pettigrew, 2014). Diversity in the organizational process, behavior and structure is the multiplicity of perspectives and experience resulting from variation in gender identity, race, mental or physical abilities, culture, age, religion, sexual orientation, and heritage (Harper, 2015). Organisation: Behaviour, Structure and Processes: Organizational structure play a major role in the day to day running of the company as illustrated in the definition. Hence every firm has organizational chart that diagrammatically displays the organizational structure, and also displays all the positional ranks as well as the relationship between members of the organization. Due to diversity in organizations two significant roles are provided to all members in each and every formal organizational structure (Cummings, Worley, 2014). First the extent of control amounting to each member in the organization is dictated by the structure. Secondly all the roles for the organizational members are illustrated by the structure of the organization, this is to ensure every member knows who they are supposed to report to as well as what they are supposed to do in the firm (Cummings, Worley, 2014). There are six diverse elements contained in an organizational structure. Each and every one of these influence the processes and the manner in which activities are performed in an organization. These elements of the organizational structure includes departmentalization whose role is to establish a manner in which the jobs are clustered together (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Some of the ways in which the jobs in an organization can be grouped is as follows by product line, job function as well as job territory. All the organizations have chains of command that provides an authority line which runs from the bottom to the top of the organization spelling out the chain of command in other words who report to whom in a particular organization (DuBrin, 2013). The other element of the organizational structure is work specialization which is part of the significant elements in influencing the way in which the structure of the organization will be or how it is. It also affects the manner in which chores are subdivided into distinct jobs among members in the organization. Work specialization explains whether a job should be broken down among several members in a particular organization or the task should be completed by a particular individual (Pettigrew, 2013). More specialization is needed when a particular job is broken down into smaller chores in the firm. High specialization entails an advantage of high efficiency in an organization but on the other hand it has a disadvantage of boredom to the workers as they are required to do the same task over and over again (Cummings, Worley, 2014). As a result of the diversity in the organizational structure, the exact number of the managers needed to oversee and give direction to the employees in an organization is directly dictated by the particular structure adopted by the company. This is termed as span of control and is what determines the number of person or employees that are to be effectively and efficiently managed by an individual manager. Companies with a narrow span of control are less efficient and requires a bigger number of managers than an organization with a wider span of control, but when the span of control exceeds the limit, the employees in such an organization may not receive sufficient support and required leadership from the managers (Cummings, Worley, 2014). Diversity in the structure of the organization is perceived on decentralization and centralization. This determines the place where the authority in making decision lies. An organization is considered centralized when the lower level personnel are not considered nor consulted in decision-making but the supreme power lies on the top management. On the other hand a firm is considered decentralized when or where the lower level managers and personnel are involved in at a higher degree in decision making process in that particular organization (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). The last element contained in the structure of the organization is formalization. This element dictates to what degree the tasks in a particular firm are standardized. Lower degree of formalization gives a high degree of freedom and flexibility to employees in how they carry out their jobs. A highly formalized company on the other hand gives lesser freedom to the organizational employees as jobs have clearly defined proce dure (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). The organizational behavior being the study of the diverse character traits portrayed by persons and groups of persons and application of that knowledge in managing of the workers. This is done by taking a system approach, which means that organizational behavior elaborates the relationships that exist between the organization and people whole social system, whole organization, whole group and the whole person (Cummings, Worley, 2014). Its purpose is to develop a healthier relationships by achieving social objective, human objective and organizational objective (Cummings, 2004). The elements of organizational behavior are the basis in which an organization is based which are enshrined on managements values, goals, philosophy and vision. In turn these elements directs the diverse cultures of the organization which are composed of the social environment, the informal organization and the formal organization (Felin, et al, 2012). The four models illustrating the diversity under which the organization operates includes Custodial, Autocratic, Collegial, and Supportive. The Custodial model is based on the economic incomes with an administrative orientation of money (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). On the other hand the employees depends and are oriented towards benefits and security provided by the organization. Autocratic model is based on power with a managerial oriented authority. Here the workers are oriented towards dependence and obedience of the boss. Only the subsistence needs of the employees are met and there is minimal performance result (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). The Collegial model is based on partnership with a teamwork oriented managerial. The on the other hand are oriented to having self-discipline and behaving responsibly. Self-actualization is the employees need that is met while the moderate result is the performance result (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Lastly is the supportive model based on leadershi p with a managerial oriented support. Despite there being four different models, majority of the organizations operate on several of these models at a particular instant (Robbins, 2001). Lastly there exist a diversity in the processes in an organization which entails, assigning the tasks to individuals after determination of the work needed to accomplish the goal of the organization, and organizing the individuals in a framework of making decisions that is organizational structure (Miner, 2015). Organization is the end product of the diverse organizational processes, which is an assemblage of combined parts acting in unison to perform tasks so as to efficiently and effectively attain a set goal. Team members can only be aware of their responsibilities in an organization where organizational processes are appropriately implemented (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Failure to carry out the organization process in an appropriate manner result to lack of effectiveness, frustration, loss of efficiency and confusion among employees. Generally the diversity in the organizational processes can be illustrated in five steps including objectives and plans review, where the objectives are the precise activities which has to be accomplished to achieve goals while the plans are what shapes these activities for the goal to be achieved (Thornton, et al, 2012). As a result of the diversity in the organizational processes, it is mandatory for the plans to be continually examined by the managers as new goals are developed and the plans change. The next process is determining the necessary work to accomplish the objectives. Here to achieve the goal of the organization chores that require to be accomplished is listed and analyzed by the managers (Salin, 2003). Next is ensuring that necessary activities are clarified and managed into manageable units for example in four models of departmentalization; geographical, customer, functional and product. Then delegating and assigning activities. Lastly is designing a chain of command of relationships (Stewart, Barrick, 2000). Conclusion In conclusion, it is important and appropriate to understand the diversities that exist in different organizations. This diversities bring about difference in organizational behavior, structure and processes in each and every organization. Understanding of the diversities is the key to effective and efficient management of the organizational day to day activities. References Harper, C. (2015). Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Miner, J. B. (2015). Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Pettigrew, A. M. (2014). The politics of organizational decision-making. Routledge. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014). Organization development and change. Cengage learning. DuBrin, A. J. (2013). Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Pettigrew, A. (2013). The Awakening Giant (Routledge Revivals): Continuity and Change in Imperial Chemical Industries. Routledge. Thornton, P. H., Ocasio, W., Lounsbury, M. (2012). The institutional logics perspective: A new approach to culture, structure, and process. Oxford University Press on Demand. Felin, T., Foss, N. J., Heimeriks, K. H., Madsen, T. L. (2012). Microfoundations of routines and capabilities: Individuals, processes, and structure. Journal of Management Studies, 49(8), 1351-1374. Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational behavior, 14/E. Pearson Education India. Salin, D. (2003). Ways of explaining workplace bullying: A review of enabling, motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment. Human relations, 56(10), 1213-1232. Stewart, G. L., Barrick, M. R. (2000). Team structure and performance: Assessing the mediating role of intrateam process and the moderating role of task type. Academy of management Journal, 43(2), 135-148. Cummings, J. N. (2004). Work groups, structural diversity, and knowledge sharing in a global organization. Management science, 50(3), 352-364.